The first theoretical part that concerns Junior students

Problems facing translators and the diversity across language:

1) Non-equivalence:

Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalence for a word which occurs in the source text.

Types of non-equivalence:

=Culture-specific concepts:
The source language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture.

=Differences in form:
There is often no equivalent word in the target language for a particular form.
EX: prefix, suffix
Arabic has no ready mechanism for producing such forms.

2) Number:

=English distinguishes a distinction between one and more than one,
( singular & plural ).
=Arabic distinguishes between one, two, and more than two. It has a dual form in addition to singular and plural. To indicate the dual form in English, we have to add a numeral.
=It is sometimes necessary to specify duality in an English text. But, if the context does not demand it, there is no need to add it in the English translation.